Minggu, 04 Januari 2015
PRAKTIKUM PENERAPAN KOMPUTER
1.
TINGKAT PENJUALAN PRODUK
DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN KEMASAN BERBEDA
BULAN HASIL PENJUALAN DALAM JUTA
Kemasan A Kemasan B Kemasan C
Januari 55 65 20
Februari 55 65 35
Maret 45 65 35
April 55 75 35
Mei 55 65 45
Juni 45 55 45
Juli 45 65 45
Agustus 55 65 40
September 55 65 35
Oktober 45 75 35
Pertanyaan : Analis data diatas dengan Anova
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Kemasan A 10 510 51 26,66666667
Kemasan B 10 660 66 32,22222222
Kemasan C 10 370 37 56,66666667
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 4206,666667 2 2103,333333 54,60576923 3,24731E-10 3,354130829
Within Groups 1040 27 38,51851852
Total 5246,666667 29
jadi Ftabel > F5% significant , berarti ada perbedaan yang nyata antara kemasan A, kemasan B, dan kemasan C
2. Tabel berikut adalah hasil observasi terhadap sampel acak yang terdiri dari 8 desa di kota “Alfabet” mengenai pembelian mesin pertanian dan pengeluaran pemeliharan alat selama tahun 2010.
Desa pembelian (juta rupiah) Peng pemeliharaan (juta rupiah)
A 21 4
B 15 3
C 15 3.5
D 9 2
E 12 3
F 18 3.5
G 6 2.5
H 12 2.5
(a). Dengan menggunakan least square error methods, tentukan persamaan regresi linear sederhana pengeluaran pemeliharaan terhadap pembelian. Kemudian jelaskan arti koefisien yang terdapat dalam persamaan tersebut.
(b). Lakukan uji t dan uji F dengan menggunakan α = 5%, bagaimana kesimpulan dari kedua pengujian koefisien regresi tersebut.
Desa pembelian (Juta rupiah ) penggeluaran (juta rupiah) SUMMARY OUTPUT
A 21 4
B 15 3 Regression Statistics
C 15 3,5 Multiple R 0,884537963
D 9 2 R Square 0,782407407
E 12 3 Adjusted R Square 0,746141975
F 18 3,5 Standard Error 0,329842836
G 6 2,5 Observations 8
H 12 2,5
total 108 24 ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 1 2,347222222 2,347222222 21,57446809 0,003522655
Anova: Single Factor Residual 6 0,652777778 0,108796296
Total 7 3
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95,0% Upper 95,0%
pembelian (Juta rupiah ) 8 108 13,5 23,14285714 Intercept 1,375 0,368775501 3,728555707 0,009753286 0,472638857 2,277361143 0,472638857 2,277361143
penggeluaran (juta rupiah) 8 24 3 0,428571429 pembelian (Juta rupiah ) 0,12037037 0,025914901 4,644832407 0,003522655 0,056958893 0,183781848 0,056958893 0,183781848
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 441 1 441 37,41818182 2,66404E-05 4,600109908
Within Groups 165 14 11,78571429
Total 606 15
Fhit >ftabel (significant ) ada perbedaan yang nyata antara pembelian mesin pertanian dengan pengeluaran pemeliharaan alat selama 2010
Regression Analysis - Linear model: Y = a + b*X
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dependent variable: Col_2 Col_2 Sumbu Y
Independent variable: Col_1 Col_1 sumbu X
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Standard T
Parameter Estimate Error Statistic P-Value
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intercept 1,375 0,368776 3,72856 0,0098
Slope 0,12037 0,0259149 4,64483 0,0035
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Analysis of Variance
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Model 2,34722 1 2,34722 21,57 0,0035
Residual 0,652778 6 0,108796
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total (Corr.) 3,0 7
Correlation Coefficient = 0,884538
R-squared = 78,2407 percent
Standard Error of Est. = 0,329843
The StatAdvisor
---------------
The output shows the results of fitting a linear model to describe
the relationship between Col_2 and Col_1. The equation of the fitted
model is
Col_2 = 1,375 + 0,12037*Col_1
Since the P-value in the ANOVA table is less than 0.01, there is a
statistically significant relationship between Col_2 and Col_1 at the
99% confidence level.
The R-Squared statistic indicates that the model as fitted explains
78,2407% of the variability in Col_2. The correlation coefficient
equals 0,884538, indicating a moderately strong relationship between
the variables. The standard error of the estimate shows the standard
deviation of the residuals to be 0,329843. This value can be used to
construct prediction limits for new observations by selecting the
Forecasts option from the text menu.
Selasa, 30 Desember 2014
satop
PART I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
In the world of agricultural engineering, studied not only general knowledge about agriculture in luas.Namun also learn how to work the mechanism of the machines used in agricultural activities. Each element of the machine and agricultural produce has the size, stress, strain, speed, other parameters that must be measured with a certain amount of different units. Comparative measurements of a measurement result with another called unit. Units in each country are not always in accordance with the system of internationally recognized unit called the International System or commonly called SI. For example, in Indonesia using units of meters for the length of an object, which is used in the UK is feet . Each book also uses different units corresponding unit system adopted by the author of the book. To change the units into SI units or to change its opposite , needed a known way with unit conversion. Therefore, there should be practical about unit conversion so that the learners can better understand how to perform unit conversions.
1.2. The purpose of Practice
The purpose of this lab is to change the units and functions in the equations of mass, length, style, and others, as well as to add, subtract, and multiply unit share.
LITERATURE REVIEW
2. 1 Definition of Basic Unit
The definition of the basic units of the metric system has grown from year to year. When the metric system defined in 1791 by the French Academy of Sciences , resulting definitions are considered impractical and difficult to be duplicated exactly. Second standard used today are based on the atomic clock, which uses the energy difference between the two lowest energy levels of atomic cesium . One second is defined as the time required to perform 9,192,631,770 cycles of radiation. The new definition of the meter is the distance traveled by light in a vacuum in 1 / 299,792,458 second. This method provides a more rigorous standard than the length of a standard which is based on the wavelength of light. Standards of mass, the kilogram, is defined as the mass of a tube made of alloy ( alloy ) of platinum-iridium. The tubes were kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures
in Sevres, near Paris (Karmana, 2009).
2. 2 Dimensions A Magnitude
The dimensions of a quantity describing how a magnitude composed of the principal amount. Principal amount with its dimensions, namely the length (L), mass (M), time (T), temperature (θ), a strong electric current (I), light intensity (J) and the amount of substance (N). Dimensional scale derivatives can be prepared from the principal amount of its constituent dimensions. For example, the dimensions of velocity is the result of a long dimension (distance) with the dimension of time, so it can be written that is the speed dimension LT -1 . One benefit is the dimension as the initial instructions to check whether or not a physics equation. This is because one of the requirements of truth is the similarity dimension physics equation on both sides of equation (Purwanto, 2009).
2.3 Types of System of Units
System internationally recognized unit based on the CGPM conference ( Conference Generale Poids et Measures ) called the International System ( International System of Units ) or so-called SI. This system uses the basic unit for measuring length, mass and time with mks units (meter, kilogram, second). In addition to SI units have been known before the system unit on some principal amount. Cgs system uses standard units of three principal amount before the units centimeter, gram and second. The system in British use another unit used in engineering units in the United States and the British Empire. Some used the unit of length is inches, feet , yards and miles. Then, the unit of mass used is pound mass (LBM) and smg (Pauliza, 2008).
Magnitude 2.4 Magnitude Vector and Scalar
Some physical quantities, such as time, temperature, mass, density and electric charge can be described completely by a number and the unit. But many other important quantities that have direction and can not be described only by a number. Magnitudes as it has an important role in many of the major topics in physics, including motion and its causes, and symptoms of electricity and magnetism. A simple example of a magnitude that has a direction is the motion of a plane. To describe this motion completely, we do not just have to say how fast the plane was moving, but also have to declare which way the plane was moving. The rate of the aircraft and its direction to form a quantity called speed. Physical quantities that can be described by a number called a scalar quantity. Conversely, a vector quantity has a large ( magnitude ) and direction in space (Juliastuti, 2002).
2.5 Scientific Notation
Writing electron mass (0,00000000000000000000000000000091 kg) and prison k earth-moon (380,000,000 m) requires a long writing. Writing as it is not practical. Therefore the use of scientific notation is more practical. Writing numbers in scientific notation form a × 10 n , with 1 < a <10 and n is an integer. So, in the form of scientific notation, the electron mass is 9.1 x 10 -31 kg, while the earth-moon distance is 3.8 x 10 7 m. There are special names for some number 10 ranking which becomes a multiplier factor in the writing of the amount. Specific name attached as a prefix mention of the unit, among others, pico (p = 10 -12 ), nano (n = 10 -9 ), micro (μ = 10 -6 ), milli (m = 10 -3 ), centimeters (c = 10 -2 ), desi (d = 10 -1 ), deka (da = 10 1 ), hekto (h = 10 2 ), kilo (k = 10 3 ), mega (M = 10 6 ), giga (G = 10 9 ) and tera (T = 10 12 ) (Sudiana, 2005).
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY LABORATORY
3.1. Time and Place Practicum
This practicum conducted on the M inggu, 14 December 2014 in LaboratoriumTeknikdanKonservasiLingkunganPertanian, Faculty of Food Technology and Agro-Industry, University of Mataram.
3.2. A lat and B Ahan P raktikum
There are p un Tools and materials used in this lab is K alkulator.
3.3. P rosedur K Gov
The steps of the work done in this lab are as follows:
1. Co. Assistant describes the conversion unit.
2. Each group was given the problems praktikan unit conversion by Co. Assistant.
3. Praktikan expected to work on the problems with knowing units described by Co A s previously consistent.
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS OF OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
4.1. Observation result.
1.
Sebuahbendamemilikiberat 100 g cm / s 2 , konversikanberatbendatersebutkedalamsatuan kg m / s 2 !
2. Finger-jarisebuah atom of 7.239876 .10 -11 m, nyatakanmassaelektronkedalamsatuanmikrometer!
3. Sebuahbalokmempunyaipanjang 20 mm, height 15 mm, 15 mm dantinggi, danlebar 14 mm. Volume balokdalam m 3 is?
4. Sebuahbaterraymemberikanarus 0.5 A kepadasebuahlampuselama 2 minutes. Berapakahbanyaknyamuatanlistrik who moved?
5.
The yacht cruised with an average speed of 5 knots (1 knot = 1.852 km / h). What is the speed of the ship when it is expressed in m / s. And if such travel a distance of 500 km. How much time it takes the vessel expressed in skon?
6.
Sebuahmobilbermassa 8 tons melajudengankecepatan 90 km / h. HitungenergikinetiknyadalamKj!
7.
Two plates were suhunyamasing hitamtakberhingga each 800 ° C and 300 ° C salingbertukarkalorimelaluiradiasi. Hitunglahperpindahankalorpersatuanluas!
8. Given the density of 0.831 g / cm 3 , convert units in the form of kg / m 3
and convert well into the form lb / ft 3 ! (1ft = 30.48 cm)
9.
Difusitasalkoholudarapadasuhu 0 ° C dalampadatandiketahuisebesar 0.116 cm 2 / s, hitungdifusifitasdalambentuk m 2 / h!
10.
Suatubendadiketahuimemilikikoefisien mass transfer of 12.4 g / cm 2 .jam, hitungkoefisienmassadalamlb / ft 2 .menit!
11.
Sebuahbendamemilikiberat 100 g cm / s 2 , konversikanberatbendatersebutkedalamsatuan kg m / s 2 sertadimensisatuannya!
12.
Sebuahmobilbermassa 8 tons melajudengankecepatan 90 km / h. HitungenergikinetiknyadalamKjsertadimensisatuannya!
13.
Difusitasalkohol-udarapadasuhu 0 ° C dalampadatandiketahuisebesar 0.116 cm 2 / s, hitungdifusifitasdalambentuk m 2 / h sertadimensisatuannya!
4.2. HasilPeritungan
1.
Dikeathui: 1 gram = 1 x 10 -3
kg
1 cm = 1 x 10 -2 m
Asked:
konversikanberatbendatersebutkedalamsatuankg.m / s 2 ?
Answer:
1 gram = 1 × 10 -3 kg
1 cm = 1 × 10 -2 m
Thus of, 100 g cm / s 2 = 100.10 -3 kg. 10 -2
m / s 2 = 10 -3
kgm / s 2
2. Given: 1m = 1 × 10 6
Asked: nyatakanataukonversikanmassaelektronkedalamsatuan micrometer?
Answer:
10 -6 m
= 7.239876 .10 -11 × 10 6
= 7.239876 .10 5
3.
dikatahui: P = 20 mm
.10 = 20 -3 m
T = 15 mm
= 15:10 -3 m
L = 14:10 -3 m
Diatanya: Determine the volume baloksertakonversikankedalamsatuan m 3
Answer:
Volume tube = P × T × L
= (20. 10 -3 ) × (15:10 -3 ) × (14:10 -3 )
= 4.2 × 10 -6 m 3.
4. Given: I = 0.5 amps
t = 2 min.
Asked: Q (muatanlistrik) dalamsatuan coulombs?
Answer:
t = 2 min = 2 x 60 = 120 seconds
Q = I xt
= 0.5 x 120 = 60 coulombs.
5.
Given: v = 5 knots
1 knot = 1.852 km / h
1 km / h = 10/36 m / s
X = 500 miles
Asked: v = m / s
t = s
Solution: v = 5 x 1,852 km / h
= 9.26 x 10/36 m / s
= 2.5722 m / s
t
= x / v
= 500 / 9.26 s
= 53.99 s
6.
Given: Mass (m) = 8 ton = 8 x 1000 = 8000 kg
Velocity (v) = 90 km / h =
=
= 25 m / s
Asked: hitungenergikinetiknyadalamsatuankj?
Answer:
Energikinetik =
xmxv 2
=
x 8000 kg x (25) 2
= 4000 kg x 625 m / s
= 2500000 Joule
=
Kj
= 2500 Kj
7.
Given:
T 1 = 800 ° C
= 800 + 273
= 1073 ° K
T 2 = 300 ° C
= 300 + 273
= 573 ° K
s = the Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.67 × 10 -8 W / m 2 K 4 )
Asked:
Completion:
D T = T 2 - T 1
= (1873 - 573) ° C
= 500 ° K
q rad = s × A × T 4
= 5.67 × 10 -8
W / m 2 K 4 (500K) 4
= 3543.75 W / m 2
8.
Given: Density = 0.831 g / cm 3
1 g = 1x 10 -3 kg
1 cm 3 = 1x10 -6 m 3
1 lb = 0.4536 kg
1 ft = 30.48 cm
Asked: konversikankedalam kg / m 3 dankedalambentuklb / ft 3
Answer:
Kg / m 3
=
x
x
=
831 kg / m 3
lb / ft 3 =
x
x
x
= 51,9277lb / ft 3
9.
Given: temperature (T) = 0 o C
Difusitasalkohol = 0.116 cm 2 / s
1 m = 10 2 cm
1 hour = 3600 s
Asked: difusitasdalambentuk m 2 / h
Answer:
m 2 / h =
x
x
=
= 0.04176 m 2 / h
10.
Given: mass transfer coefficient = 12.4 g / cm 2 .jam
1 g = 10 -3 kg
1 lb = 0.4536 kg
1 cm = 0,0328ft
1 hour = 60 minutes
Asked: transfer coefficient massadalamLb / ft 2 .menit
Answer:
Lb / ft 2 .menit =
x
x
x
x
=
= 0,4234lb / ft 2 .menit
11.
Given: 1 gram = 1 × 10 -3
kg
1 cm = 1 × 10 -2 m
Weight = 200 gram.cm/s 2
Asked: beratkedalamkg.m / s 2 sertadimmensisatuannya?
Answer:
kg m / s 2 = (100.10 -3 ) kg x (10 -2 ) m / s 2
[MLT -2 ] = (100.10 -3 ) [M] x (10 -2 )
[MLT -2 ] = 10 -3 [M] [L] [T -2 ]
12.
Given: Mass (m) = 8 tons
Velocity (V) = 90 km / h
1 tonne = 1000 kg
1 km = 1000 m
1 hour = 3600 s
1 kj = 100 joules
Asked: dalamKjsertadimensisatuannya kinetic energy?
Answer:
mass (m) = 8 ton = 8 x 1000 = 8000 kg
velocity (v) = 90 km / h =
=
= 25 m / s
Energikinetik =
xmxv 2
[ML 2 T -2 ] =
x (8000) [M] x ((25) 2 )
[ML 2 T -2 ] = (4000) [M] x 625
[ML 2 T -2 ] = 2500000 [M] [L 2 ] [T -2 ]
[ML 2 T -2 ] =
[M] [L 2 ] [T -2 ]
[ML 2 T -2 ] = 2500 [M] [L 2 ] [T -2 ]
13.
Given: temperature (T) = 0 o C
Difusitasalkohol = 0.116 cm 2 / s
1 m = 10 2 cm
1 hour = 3600 s
Asked: difusitasdalambentuk m 2 / h sertadimensisatuannya?
Answer:
m 2 / h =
x
x
[L 2 .T -1 ] =
x
x
[L 2 .T -1 ]
=
[L 2 .T -1 ]
= 0.04176 [L 2 ] [T -1 ]
CHAPTER V
DISCUSSION
Conversion unit is a way to change the existing units to SI units or vice versa. The conversion unit needs to be done because every country usually has its own unit system. To find the necessary compliance unit conversion. Changing units often we hadapidalam physics problems. Changing unit is basically changing the value of the amount of units that one unit to another. Some quantities are given using a different unit system with a system of units that we want. Before doing the calculations we have to adjust the system unit into the system unit that we want. To facilitate the change of prefix prefix to another one, we use the stairs conversion unit diverse satuan.Penggunaan may pose some difficulties. The first difficulty is, the difficulty in determining the conversion factor if you want to switch from one unit to another unit. The second difficulty is requiring a lot of measuring instruments in accordance with the units used (Tandra, 2011).
When measuring a magnitude, these quantities will always be compared against a standard reference. If mentioned that a long bamboo has 30.35 meters, this means that the length of the bamboo is 30.35 times the length of a meter rod, which is defined as 1 meter. Meter is a unit of distance. If a number is used to describe a physical quantity, then it should always be written units used. If describe the distance by writing " 30.35 "only then will not mean anything.
To make accurate measurements, we need a measurement system that can not be changed and can be duplicated by observers in various locations. Therefore, it is according to Purwanto (2009), in 1790, the French government gave directives to the French Academy of Sciences to replace all measurement system with the international system of units. As a first base, the French scientists determined that a universal measurement system based on permanent measures are given by nature, rather than relying on the standard that is made by man. As a second base, they decided that all other units will be derived from the unit of length, mass and time. As a third base, they propose the use of the decimal system in multiplication and multiplication additional basic units. Proposed French academics are then granted and was introduced as the metric system in 1795. In 1875, made an agreement by 17 countries to This system recognizes as the official system, which is known as the meter convention .
In 1960, the General Conference, Weights and Measures-11 ( Eleventh General Conference of weigths and Measures ). At this conference recognized a system of standard units that can be used internationally known as the International System or commonly called SI. At this conference is also defined six principal amount and the unit, which is the length (meters), mass (kilogram), time (seconds), electric current (Ampere), temperature (Kelvin) and light intensity (candela). Magnitude is anything that can be measured and expressed the magnitude of the numbers. While the unit is a fixed benchmark for measuring a quantity.
Of the seven principal amount, the amount produced assorted derivatives. The amount of the derivative is the amount that the units derived from the amount of a derivative quantities pokok.Contoh include speed, area, volume, density, force, effort and energy. Speed is obtained by dividing the distance (long scale) with the amount of time that the unit is a unit of length divided by unit time, ie m / s.
Besides grouped into the principal amount and the amount of derivatives, physical quantities can also be grouped into scalar and vector quantities. Scalar quantity is a quantity that has great (value), but does not have a direction. Examples of scalar quantity is time, volume, density and temperature. Vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction. Examples of vectors is the style, speed and acceleration.
Dimensions is a generally expressed in the amount of primary. In common usage, the dimensions of meaning or measurement parameters needed to define the properties of an object that is the length, width, and height or size and shape. In mathematics and physics, the dimensions are the parameters required to describe the position and properties of objects in space. In this specific context, the unit of measure can also be called the dimension meters or inches.
Unit conversion application in everyday life such only when the mother wants to make an apple pie. In the mentioned prescription needed apples as much as 7.3 kg. While in the supermarket, the apple fruit mass expressed in grams, so that the apple fruit mass units must be converted first. Unknown 1 kg is equivalent to 1000 g , then 7.3 kg of apples is 7.3 multiplied by 1000 grams , ie 7300 grams . Thus, the equivalent of 7.3 kg of apples 7300 gr.
CHAPTER VI
CLOSING
6.1. Conclusion
Based on observations and discussions can be concluded as follows:
1.
The amount is anything that can be measured and expressed numerically.
2.
S atuan is a comparison that remains in measuring a quantity.
3.
Units (SI) is a system of standard units that can be used internationally.
4.
There are seven principal amount is the standard international unit, which is the length (meters), mass (kilogram), time (seconds), electric current (ampere), temperature (Kelvin), light intensity (candela) and the amount of substance (mole) .
5.
In mathematics and physics, the dimensions are the parameters required to describe the position and properties of objects in space.
6.2. Suggestions
Should the entire praktikan more pronounced for bringing a calculator that lab can run more smoothly and efficiently.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Juliastuti, E., 2002. Physics University . Erland. Jakarta
Karmana, O., 2009. Introduction to Physics Engineering . Rhineka Reserved. Jakarta
Pauliza, O., 2008. Physics Technology Group . Grafindo Media Pratama. Jakarta
Purwanto, B. 2009. Physics 1 . Liberty. Yogyakarta
Sudiana. P. 2005. Fundamentals of Physics . Binaputra script. Jakarta
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